| Stock and Commodity Exchange Volatility Controls |
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| Stock exchanges such as the New York and American Stock Exchanges and trading facilities such as Nasdaq are considered self-regulatory organizations under federal securities laws. To reduce volatility, securities and commodities markets have adopted several mechanisms known as circuit breakers, the collar rule, and price limits. More... |
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| The Federal Antitrust Law Exemption for State Action |
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| Federal antitrust laws are considered inapplicable to economic regulation by the States. In Parker v. Brown, 317 U.S. 341 (1943), the Supreme Court reasoned that in the "dual system of government" of the United States, any subtraction by Congress from the sovereign powers of the states must be explicitly stated. Nothing in the Sherman Act (the first federal antitrust law) or in the legislative history of the Sherman Act indicated a Congressional intent to subject state regulatory activities to the Sherman Act. More... |
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| Anti-Competitive Discrimination By Sellers Under the Clayton Act |
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| The federal Clayton Act contains prohibitions against various specific anti-competitive practices and is designed to supplement the broad prohibitions of the Sherman Act against anti-competitive agreements and monopolization. Section 2 of the Clayton Act, 15 U.S.C.S. § 13, as amended by the Robinson-Patman Act, specifically prohibits discrimination in the price of commodities or in commissions, allowances, services, or facilities if such discrimination is anti-competitive. More... |
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| Premerger Second Requests for Information |
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| Parties to mergers or acquisitions involving sales or assets of $100 million or meeting other threshold levels must report their planned merger or acquisition to the Department of Justice or the Federal Trade Commission and wait for 30 days (15 days in the case of a cash tender offer or a bankruptcy sale) following the report before completing the transaction. That waiting period allows the Department or the Commission time to review the transaction for its potential effect on competition before deciding what enforcement action, if any, will be taken. More... |
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| Statutory Conflict of Interest Provisions |
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| A majority of states have statutes that address director and officer conflicts of interests in corporate transactions. The conflict of interest provisions vary from state to state; however, most states have enacted some version of the conflict of interest provisions contained in the Revised Model Business Corporation Act.
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